Informatics is the study of natural and engineered computational systems. The central notion is the transformation of information, whether by organisms or artifacts. According to ACM - Informatics Europe joint report "Informatics Education in Europe: Are We All in The Same Boat?", informatics is European equivalent for both computer science and computing as a discipline. In the United States, however, informatics is confused with library science or its applications in healthcare, where the term informatics first appeared in the US. On the other hand, in United Kingdom and Japan the term informatics is associated with study the natural and neural computation. In continental Europe, universities usually translate informatics as computer science, while polytechnics as computer science & engineering.